Learning German Discover the Fabulous History of the German Language

Learning German Discover the Fabulous History of the German Language Learn to Speak German by First Understanding the Origins of the German Language ChaptersThe Foundations of the German LanguageThe Germanic Languages from the 1st to 5th CenturyOld High German (Althochdeutsch) between 750 and 1050Middle High German (Mittelhochdeutsch) from 1050 to 1350Low GermanStandard German (Hochdeutsch)The Weak Influence of Latin on the German LanguageThe Impact of German in AlsaceSprechen Sie Deutsch? With over 100 million speakers, German is one of today’s most important languages. In addition to being the most-spoken language in Europe, it is integral to the European Union. It’s spoken in Austria and Switzerland, too!There are 5 main reasons why it can be difficult to learn German online or face to face.German is made up of diminutives and compound words, which can make it seem like a synthetic language.Just like Latin, German grammar follows strict grammatical rules like declensions which express a word’s function by changing its ending: the nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative.German is a language that needs to be understoo d in its entirety since verbs can be placed at the end of sentences.Nouns can be masculine, feminine, and neuter. This can make learning German tricky if English if your native language since every time you learn a noun, you need to learn which gender it is and every time you learn an adjective, you need to learn multiple versions of it.The German accent can also be tricky when you’re first starting out. However, like English words, the stress is often also at the beginning for  German words.To fully understand its foundations, we need to go all the way back to 1200 years BCE.  However, its solid foundations were laid in the Middle Ages.  Then there’s High German and Low German.The German language, as we know it today, started being used around European capitals in the 19th century.2 consonant mutations. This is when a phonetic change happens to a consonant and people start pronouncing certain groups of consonants in a different way.The first of these consonant changes took plac e in the 1st century. This is when linguists consider that the Indo-European language being spoken in the area became the Proto-Germanic and Armenian languages.While this may seem like absolutely aeons ago, this is still an important part of the German language's history.Not that type of Gothic! (Source: www.flickr.com)The Germanic language was made up several dialects:Gothic, an East Germanic language, which was spoken by the Goths, Vandals, and the Burgundians. This language hasn’t been spoken since the 4th century.Anglo-Frisian, Germano-Dutch, Low German, Dutch, Flemish, High German, Luxembourgish, Moselle Franconian, and Upper German are part of the West Germanic languages.Icelandic, Norwegian, Faroese, Danish, and Swedish are the North Germanic languages.Nowadays, the Germanic languages include English, German, Dutch, the Frisian and Upper Saxon dialects spoken in the Netherlands and Germany, Luxembourgian, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and Faroese.Afrikaans, which i s spoken in South Africa and Namibia, is also a Germanic language.  Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of German spoken in the United States predominately in Amish communities.Old High German (Althochdeutsch) between 750 and 1050The second consonant mutation took place between the 4th and 8th centuries. This led to a phonetic consonant shift across all of Old High German’s vocabulary.The consonant changes in Germanic languages were explained by Grimm’s Law. This is named after Jacob Grimm, the German philologist and one half of the Brothers Grimm who are most famous for their fairy tales like Cinderella and Hansel and Gretel.The linguist Karl Verner later expanded on Grimm's Law and better explained a few of the elements of these consonant shifts. This explanation is called Verner’s Law. It states  that plosive consonants become fricative consonants, thereby changing the pronunciation of a large number of words in the language.While the history of the German language began thousa nds of years ago, the word German wasn't documented until  786.Throughout the Middle Ages, there wasn’t an established writing system for German. This is why we consider Old High German as a collection of all the Germanic dialects including Old West Franconian, Rhine Franconian, and Old Bavarian.Written sources are mainly religious texts although there are texts including magic incantations and the Oaths of Strasbourg.  The first text in High German discovered was Abrograns, a Middle Latin glossary. SönkeGerman Teacher 5.00 (5) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ClaudiaGerman Teacher 4.89 (9) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SefaGerman Teacher £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HilaryGerman Teacher 5.00 (16) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LisaGerman Teacher 5.00 (8) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ChrisGerman Teacher 5.00 (19) £39/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors WendyGerman Teacher 5.00 (2) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HowardGerman Teacher 5.00 (6) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsMiddle High German (Mittelhochdeutsch) from 1050 to 1350Throughout the 10th century, the production of German texts decreased significantly  and it was only in 1050 that texts written in the German language started appearing again.Middle High German is made up of a number of Swabian and East Franconian dialects. There is a big gap between Old High German and Middle High German given that Latin was the language of writing in the 10th and 11th centuries.Most of the evidence between 1150 and 1250 in Middle High German is written in a chivalrous style.Middle High German gave rise to Early New High German (Frühneuhochdeutsch) which was used between 1350 and 1650.Low GermanWhile High German was mainly spoken in the south of Germany and considered the language of writing, Schriftsprache  or  Low German was the language of the north of the country. As a language of the working c lasses, Low German was considered to be of a lower register.Low German includes several dialects such as: Low Franconian from the Netherlands and Flanders, Dutch and Frisian which, when taken by the Saxons to Great Britain in the Middle Ages, would later become English.Low German and High German would merge during the Holy Roman Empire before becoming a dialect during the 17th century.Low German didn’t give rise to Middle Low German. In fact, the Old Saxon and Low Saxon spoken in the north of Germany did. This West Germanic language spoken between the 9th and 12th centuries, along with Frisian and Old English, would also contribute to Modern English.Middle Low German was spoken between around 1100 and 1500 along the coasts of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. We know it was written but there isn’t official proof. Middle Low German is the ancestor of Modern Low German.Standard German (Hochdeutsch)Protestantism would lead to Standard German being used in schools and help create a German-speaking population in the north of Germany.Between 1520 and 1535, Martin Luther translated the Old and New Testaments into German (is he one of our top 10 famous Germans?). Until 1850, it was learnt as a foreign language in the south of Germany.Martin Luther translated the Bible into German. (Source: Wikimedia Commons)In the 19th century, German became the language of business par excellence. Due to the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in Central Europe, German was spoken in a number of cities including: Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, Zagreb, and Ljubljana while rural areas continued to speak their local languages.The Brothers Grimm, who are probably more famous for fairy tales like Cinderella and Hansel and Gretel, were also philologists and the creators of the German language's first dictionaries. Between 1852 and 1860, they undertook the Herculean task of cataloguing the German lexicon. However, this task ended up being far bigger than they could have possibly fathomed and was never finished.Were the Brothers Grimm included in our list of greatest German writers?The Weak Influence of Latin on the German LanguageWhile not a Latin language, German was also heavily influenced by Latin like many other languages throughout the rest of Europe.This influence, while not as strong as it would be on languages such as French, Italian, or Spanish, came about from the Roman invasion which brought technological and war vocabulary to the language.Latin’s influence would increase as Christianity spread through the land and monasteries were built. Latin would see its biggest period of influence during the Renaissance.The Impact of German in AlsaceAlsace is a region in the east of France and, through wars and annexation between France and Germany, is home to 3 main languages: French, Alsatian (known as Elsässerditsch), and German.Alsatian is a dialect of High German. During the First and Second World Wars, German was the most common language spoken but followin g World War II, French was the only language allowed as the region was controlled by France.Insert obligatory Alsatian joke here. (Source: Vladislav)For many years, due to France's monolingual policies, the French language was promoted and use of Alsatian has inevitably decreased.However, it is still spoken privately by around 50% of the population of the region meaning that it is spoken at a much higher rate than better known regional languages like Breton, Corsican, or Basque.However, it has struggled to find its place between German and French which are more commonly spoken.With so many interesting things to learn about German, perhaps you'd like to live, work, or study in Germany. Would you like to learn more about becoming a German citizen? If so, check out our article on German citizenship and naturalisation here.Find a private tutor for german lessons near you:German lessons LondonGerman lessons EdinburghGerman lessons Manchester

What is it Like to Attend Rutgers University

What is it Like to Attend Rutgers University The tutors behind Varsity Tutors are not just here to teach theyre sharing their college experiences as well. Nida graduated from Rutgers University with a Bachelors degree in Journalism and Mass Media. She is an Austin tutor who specializes in Essay Editing tutoring, Reading tutoring, Grammar and Mechanics tutoring, and more. Check out her review of her alma mater: VT: Describe the campus setting and transportation options.How urban or safe is the campus?Are there buses or do you need a car/bike? Nida: Rutgers University (New Brunswick,NJ) is a huge campus spanning two towns (New Brunswick and Piscataway) and divided into five college campuses (College Ave, Busch, Livingston, Douglass, Cook). The college is very safe and provides bus transportation within and between campuses. Having a car is a plus, but you will need to pay for a parking permit and spend some extra time every day looking for parking. VT: How available are the professors, academic advisers, and teaching assistants? Nida: Although Rutgers is a large university consisting of 44,000 undergraduates, the professors and teaching assistants are always available during their office hours, or outside of office hours by appointment. Academic advisers are available on a walk-in basis during office hours. VT: How would you describe the dorm life rooms, dining options, location, socialization opportunities with other students? Nida: Dorm life at Rutgers is so much fun! Every campus has its own character. College Ave is the most lively campus, with dorms in close proximity to Greek life, grease trucks, several other dining options, as well as off-campus shops and cafes. Busch/Livingston campus is more sprawled out and quieter, and dorms there can really become a home away from home. Cook/Douglass campus feels more like youre in a beautiful countryside location. It is also larger and more self-contained. There are dining halls on every campus with a delicious variety of food; itll be easy to gain that Freshman 15! My personal favorite of all the campuses is College Ave. VT: Which majors/programs are best represented and supported?What did you study and why? Did the university do a good job supporting your particular area of study? Nida: Rutgers is a research university, so one might think the Sciences and Social Sciences are best represented and supported. But Humanities also have a strong presence here. I studied Journalism and Mass Media at the School of Communication and Information, and felt that there was a lot of support and resources for my particular area. VT: How easy or difficult was it for you to meet people and make friends as a freshman? Does Greek life play a significant role in the campus social life? Nida: Its not easy to meet people as a freshman if youre shy, like me. But if youre willing to put yourself out there a bit, and realize that everyones in the same boat as you, youll have no trouble meeting lots of new people. One of the best things about student life at Rutgers is its diversity, with students from all over the world and belonging to so many different racial, cultural, and religious backgrounds. There is a significant Greek life at Rutgers, but I wasnt part of it. VT: How helpful is the Career Centerand other student support services?Do many reputable companies recruit on campus? Nida: The Career Center is extremely helpful, even to alumni like me, after all these years. Many reputable companies recruit on campus such as Johnson Johnson, Verizon Wireless, Merck, Bristol Meyers Squibb, and many others. VT: How are the various study areas such aslibraries, student union, and dorm lounges? Are they over-crowded, easily available, spacious? Nida: There are many libraries, dorm lounges, quiet rooms, and student centers at Rutgers. You can always find a space to sit down and relax, study, or have meetings/conferences with other students. The hardest times to find space are during exam weeks, but then other study halls that arent normally available to students after hours, become available. Some places I loved to study: Alexander Library, ARC Computer Lab, and the Quiet Room at the Busch Student Center. VT: Describe the surrounding town. What kinds of outside establishments / things to do are there that make it fun, boring, or somewhere in between?To what extent do students go to the downtown area of the city versus staying near campus? Nida: Downtown New Brunswick has a few options to entertain oneself, but I did used to wish it were bigger and more diverse. There are some great cafes and restaurants (Harvest Moon, Old Man Raffertys, Tumultys). It has a dynamic theater life (George Street Playhouse, State Theater, Stress-Free Comedy Club). There are a few dance clubs, as well (Perle, Platinum). But the best thing about New Brunswick is the fact that its a 50-minute train ride to New York City. VT: How big or small is the student body? Were you generally pleased or displeased with the typical class sizes? Nida: In the early years (freshman, sophomore), class size is big. Size also depends on the popularity of the class, so an Intro to Biology class can be as big as 500 students in a massive lecture hall and the professor speaking through a microphone, or an Intro to Political Science class can be 100 students packed into a big classroom. As you get older and more specialized in your area of study, class size becomes smaller. I had about 20-30 students in my Senior Journalism classes. VT: Describe one memorable experience with a professor and/or class. Perhaps one you loved the most or one youregretthe most. Nida: One of my most memorable experiences was with my professor of Creative Writing. She conducted one-on-one conferences with students, even though it was an Intro course. It was during one of these conferences that she shared with me just how talented she thought I was and planted the seeds in my mind of pursuing an MFA in Fiction Writing. Check out Nidas tutoring profile. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the views of Varsity Tutors.